ࡱ> )` R83bjbj2K$[ llllX X X l t%t%t%8%,'Tl g8(8("Z(Z(p()") )ffffffflh7oXfX 7))77fl$ Z(p(4ge[e[e[7NX p(X p(fe[7fe[e[^X X N^p(,( aS&t%3T>^^ftg0g"^,oqYoN^N^4oX ^)\:-fe[/1Y)))ffZj)))g7777l l l 0D l l l 0l l l lllX X X  Vvyb$R'``~ЏRSvQYev fk[_ ^['Yf[?elf[b U ^[ 716000 Xd NN~80t^N VNaƋ0R]V[(WhQt~Nm-NvzNpa v^\dkR_VNYe|~vyy 1udkoSN_whQ>yOT^vYe9eiЏR0 N NT N N[yb$R'``~v!P[TLjmnob:Ng gRvT^KNN0ُ:WXRim'Y0eecENvyb$R'``~ЏROyb$R'``~nxz:NVTB\!kYevvh yb$R'``~v‰_meQN_ ۏVeSNyO9eiTeSfe~Tweg0 sQ.͋Ye9eibJTЏRyb$R'``~ЏR`~b`~Yef[ \O{Nfk[_ ^['Yf[?elf[bYec xvzeT:Nyb$R'``~N^b__;0 WёyvUwؚ4ls^'Yf[f[y^yv2012SXTS09 -NVR{|SB81 e.shƋxA ezS1671-70232014 yb$R'``~ЏR/f NN~80 90t^NVYe9eiЏRv͑~bR0YN yb$R'``~v‰_]meQN_ ۏVeSNmꏚNR The Paideia Proposal _Yv vQ-N  WY(ugv݋ ُ*NR_[/f ^\NNlv01uNl[svT:NNlv 0?_RcQ @b gf[u@bf[v z g N*N(uN9eU_upvT^Ǐ|~SwƋvS0ǏtzfbvSU\NSǏt0mT[tOvX:_0SU\tzfbvT^Sb0Q\O00F,T0{0㉳Q0‰[0KmϑT~yb$R'`$Re0Nyr+Rc  wSYUO N TN wSNHN b_[(W;NQ[Wvf[`N-NRNx~ _N(WSR0NAmR0&{Sňnd\ORTyb$R'``~RvǏ z-NSOs01uN(Wُ̑f[Ov/fgbL-Nvb N/fN[TlQ_vwƋ V Yef[!j_ NS/fYev0[vYef[!j__[/fςyO~1957t^ςT\184xvN kSfSputnik S\0R*Yzz S0RdKNT 勥bJT@bWRv13*N qS:ga Q!kVNf vQ-Nb2NR\t^yb$R'``~Rv:ON Y17\vR\t^v^ Nb gbN,g ^gNNb gv ؚ6 tzfbintellectual skills NN-Nv40% N9hncfNbPgeZPQcN gNRKNNQQ g gRvezS g NRKNN㉳Qr^ekvpef[0 [3] 9-11N 0V[YNqSiKN-N 0 Tt^S^v͑bJT؏ gFUNؚI{Ye[WBusiness-Higher Education Forum v 0VzNRvcbV[ZPQV^v_'` 0America's Competitive Challenge:The Need for a National Response ZS OErnest L.Boyer v 0ؚ-NsQN-NI{YevbJT 0High SchoolA Report on Secondary Education 'Yf[eQf[ՋtNOCollege Entrance Examination Board v 0:Nؚ!hvf[NQY 0Academic Preparation for College S_b_John Goodlad v 0N*NSf[!hv0We 0A Place Called School: Prospects for the Future V[yf[tNOpef[0yf[Tb/g'Yf[yYeYXTONational Science Board Commission on Precollege Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology v 0:N21N~YeVN 0Educating Americans for the 21st Century WSe0W:SYetNOSouthern Regional Education Board v 0nWSe(ϑLRv 0Meeting the Need for Quality Action in the South :N~NmXvYeyr+R\~Task Force on Education for Economic Growth v 0BlSSvLR 0Action for Excellence NS20N~WёTwentieth Century Fund v 0RRh 0Making the Grade I{01984t^1989t^v͑bJT g[lTheodore Sizer v 0:bevYOSV-Nf[v$N 0Horace's Compromise: The Dilemma of the American High School 1984VzYexvz@bNational Institute of Education v 0bf[`N[sVؚI{Yev\o 0Involvement in Learning: Realizing the Potential of American Higher Education 1984~NmSU\YXTOCommittee for Economic Development v 0(Wi[P[N NbD 0Investing in Our Children 1985Vf[bOSOAssociation of American Colleges v 0f[b zv[te'`~f[/gqQ TSOvN*NbJT 0Integrity in the College Curriculum: A Report to the Academic Community 1985aSWYeT~Nm[WCarnegie Forum on Education and the Economy v 0V[:NW{Q21N~Ye^ZPQYYef[\O:NNyLNvyr+R\~bJT 0A Nation Prepared: teachers for the 21st century:the report of the Task Force on Teaching as a Profession 1986hQV]OSONational Governors' Association v 0Bl~gveN 0Time for Results 1986 YeƖVHolmes Group v 0f)YvYe^ 0Tomorrow's Teachers: A Report of The Holmes Group 1986~NmSU\YXTOCommittee for Economic Development v 0qS-Nv?Qz 0Children in Need 1987aSWYef[OۏWёOCarnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching v 0wNqS:gvNN=cQeWGf[!h 0An Imperiled Generation: Saving Urban Schools 19880 @b gbJT\V(WNLuS N~Nm0Ye0V2I{W v||hsR_TNVYe|~X[(Wv0vQ-N_YbJTcQ f[uyb$R'``~bebv k:/fYev%N͑ v^SQvsQ|TT0ZS Ov 0ؚ-N 0:N ؚ-NYe gbHe1\_{wQ gvha sSNy1uYe^0f[u0{tT[qQ gv^l[sv?aof0V*NW,gvh-Nv/f ^.^R@b gf[uSU\yb$R0W`vR ccۏL gHeNAmvR0 k*Nؚ-Nu^f[Ofnpf0WQ\O0f^lt㉄v0f g+RR0WF,T0f|nx0W0QPyb$R'``~vSU\\ewƋ^(uNei_vR0& & Q\O/fbhsvW,gb _N/fYecyb$R'``~vKbk0[4]95,126-127,130,207,251 0VzNRvcb 0_V2yf[tNO~OvbJT1981  q~]Nv%N͑w:/f6R Nb,gXRv;NV } N^NefkhV|~v_S   V]N:\gW,gvpef[0yf[0yb$R'``~TS4Yhvb  ;NV:NVzf[!h:\~ g }vYeXT0 [5]15-17,22 0bf[`N[sVؚI{Yev\o 0:N Yef[Heg}YvYe^NNvf[ux~Q\O0b ibU\yb$R'``~TRgebvR SU\~T0`aTR vR0ُNRTb/fؚI{Yewck~EN NpvHeg0[*gegvgsOQY N/f:Nyrk]\Ovr~ /fOf[u^SSNLuvYe0bRv^ yb$R0W`0~T'YϑeOo`NS|b V T[ev^ċNv|~eHh0[6]28,39,43,55 0:bevYOS 0cQ (Web f[uv%N͑/fNO4ls^vctbNRgT~TvR0S_NNe(WЏ(uNNv`~ N 0[7]58-59,82,103-106,214 0:N21N~YeVN 0SS  bN_{͑ԏW,gb FO21N~vW,gb NS/f0Q\OT{/g ؏SbNAmTؚ6㉳QbNSyf[vTb/gvQR  AQbNtbNhTmvb/gNLuv`~]wQ ُNevW,gb/f@b gf[uv0 T?e^b~9vhQVċN:g6R^Kmϑf[uؚB\!kvb kY3u‰pQ\OvR0^(uؚB\!k㉳QbNSRgT_Q~vb N/fP{klx̀N[ُ7hvgNOW,gb0[8]12 0f[b zv[te'` 0^@b gf[uf[O o}Yct +RUOectTnc NEQR SsvɉvckS_'` pencDe~S_upvc"}Rg ͑p>e(Wcvzb0ba;`~Tyb$R'`Rg N0[9]15-16 0f)YvYe^ 0Bl *gegvYe^ NN[?Qz0@bYef[y0f[`NTf[!hYev,g(NSNNhTmNLu g^l m;Rvt Nb:NNNRRf[uSU\vyb$R'``~KNxQ & & f[ub gyb$R'``~T;Nf[`NvR0[10]28-29,94 0wNqS:gvNN 0cQ [f[ueg ͑p^>e(Wb0N,wƋvSNSnpf`~TteTRaintegrate ideas vR N0勥bJTN[Of O~vYef[e_c0>NKbVT{ _NSNZP0ROcy^FOl gSR :_W@x S N_eu`~ e[i[P[OcؚggS[NNOcOea0[11]29,43 V[YeۏekċN 1988t^vbJT  f:NNN N[v~/f 'YYpef[u:ON(WS_Nؚb/g>yOKN-N;mR@b_vؚ6`~b0 [12]11 @b gُNRQ>fQ NN g N*NRReading0Riting0Rithmetic sS0Q\OT{/g/f NYv _{(u,{V*NR  ctReasoning eEQMR N*NReg͑e/ctQ z0[13]3-4'Yf[0>y:Sf[b0b/gf[!hI{TB\!kvYeƋ0R ,{V*NRsSct_euN Vf[u NY}Y0Wct0YYe (WяQt^W,gyvYef[vz-N ctRvW{Q_ƉN _{%`wv ~t^{NcO(Wev YBgv>yO-N_bRvT]wQ0VvXfY0W:_PSS0pef[Tُ7hvW@x0N,Vf[u_NwS'Yϑ gsQrz[vN[ FON NNNf[uvk NN_'Y z^ N NcQvsQv͑0TyƖ-N0R T7hv ʋe bNYef[uYUO` YUOct0bcKN e1YvCQ }SZPNHN [/fN*NǏ zؚI{Ye-NN*N͑vT/f ~b0R(W NzrrrQ[v`Q NS_:_Ǐ zve_0^b__;SN:Nُ*NeeTZPQ!.s0[14]69-71 N0yb$R'``~ЏRi Ye9eibJTvS҉_wNhQ N NvT^ vQ-Ng gRvT^KNNO/fyb$R'``~xvzT[vjmno0*NNRR0~~:ggvceT>yOsQl~bvhQVvyb$R'``~ЏRKNQ0S_6q Nt N yb$R'``~ЏR(W NN~70t^N1\] S S NǏP@wYe9eibJTЏRvNΘ(W80t^NRSU\ uSNNv^8O0Rs(W0 HQ _Y'Y0-N\f[Ye^(W]vX N\ՋW{Qf[uvyb$R'``~0(W'Yf[̑ Tf[Ye^>PTN:_O(ut'`el[BlN*NǏ zb~gvcknx'` _tf[^v͑p/fCQwǏ z0yb$R'``~vyT㉳QI{ o0NE|yv^RsQl gHe g0g:NxQWv/f'Yf[B\!k NU\_v WN^b__;vyb$R'``~ informal logic-based critical thinking Yef[0yb$R'``~mSO_vf ^IN/fcOُyfv]wQ0:NYecyb$R'``~ v'YYpeYeyfNT ze(WSU\Rg0c:yctTg^NNO gvebvb0^b__;STvyb$R'``~YeyfNqQ gvN*N‰_/f1uV\OeI{Nv 0;[ 01979 HQhQegvct/f Nyyb$R0Wh``ideas ve_ 0[15]9WN^b__;vyb$R'``~YeyfNT zƖ-NNv~gyr_0ċ0OvhQT,0V \(W[B\!k N Yec yb$R'``~ QNNSbN^(u^b__;KNelv TIN0[16]14^b__;vRYN~ T^\(WvQ1977t^QHrv 0TNN;vꁩ 0Logical Self-Defense v^-Nh}v NNvYePgYt\O:Nyb$R'``~KNNRv 2['``~ defensive thinking 0[17]1W TTf[[eKQ̑e(WJ\^b__;VEO N1\ ^b__;\(W9eUW,gbvYef[TYef[lI{ebp_>f]v[E͑'`0[18]4S_6q NN_Y yb$R'``~ zYef[1\>f2QY7hSvׂ4Y OY R)Ry<\NΘyOf[[Yecv N㉳Q z1u_tf[[c e,gʑf[ z/fSSf[[v e ztSS/fYec Nv ef[_N gDyO Yevvh_[SbOtzfrzTyb$R'``~Sbk*NlQlv6qDN0[22]1570YeQyrWilliam L.Bennet _N:N ؚI{Ye:gg^.^Rf[u :Nu;m :Nu;m_f}YُNzQv[NRNSnpf0W`Tfzf0WLR ZP}YQY0ABCe;Ndy[ePeter Jennings iُN‰pe ُcQN Yet^{NYUO` v^VdkYUObR v͑'`0wmQ N\0S T-^O;N-^KQWWilliam Crowe _N YeVNyb$R0W`~[bNvV[[hQegsQ͑ SU\Rt^Nvyb$R'``~b/f 90t^Nvcb 0[23]xiii-xiv80t^NZfg ?r]]KQg4YvhQV]OSO1\(WvQsQNV[Yevhv^-NSbNyb$R'``~, ^1990t^T?e^Ǒ~:N2000t^V[vhvNR01994t^OǏ0KQg;`~~{ruHev 0V2000t^Yevhl 0Bl 0R2000t^ N>f:yct0㉳Q0^(uwƋT gHeQ\OTNAmRvf[uvkO\'Y'Ycؚ0 (WsQNbNQ RN~f[`NR_N g T7hvvh   N>f:yQؚyb$R0W`~0 gHe0WNAmT㉳QRv'Yf[kNuvkO'Y'YXR 0KNT\^N;`~NgQ2002t^1g8eǏvlHh 0 NN*Ni[P[c 0ĉ[ vsQDёS(uN SU\Tcؚf[uvOo`R0Oo`h"}Tyb$R'``~b ?beRSOOl f[MR?Qz[^c[RSb (WYQY0‰[0EeNTyb$R'``~ُNW~0YeT/ec[ f[Nb1\KmՋSbċN ؚ6`~bTt 0eY]l2009t^3g10e(WbԈFUOHispanic Chamber of Commerce Shoe_N  ㉳QՋRpeNOvRlv^ N/fMNOhQ ^/fflxfnpfvhQ& & 0bSSbNV[vL?e[XTTYe[NSU\KmϑhQTċNel [Nv^ NS/fKmϑf[u&T[bkXzzՋ /fKmϑNN/f&Tb g21N~vb kY㉳Q0yb$R'``~0RNTR '`I{0 [24] YeL?e|~T~~_N>PRcLyb$R'``~0OY WSyTX]v z9ei:N0pef[0NAmvO(hQb[Nc[e Sb͑p(WNǏ{:gRYef[cؚv㉳QTyb$R'``~beU^N\]v sQ.bONtNO RCorporate Council for Critical Skills vYe^W͑p/f㉳Q0yb$R'``~0ƖSO]\OTf[`N0f[TNAmbI{sQ.b[25]119,217R)Ry<\N0~~0^mryOxvzebveKmՋgя_N_SQeg vQ-N g30%0R60%vyvbhKmyb$R'``~b0[26]6 1986t^28NR)Ry<\N8t^~f[uSRNSS >yOyf[Km Km40%vmSyb$R'``~b01988t^]Ye_SQ40608t^~f[uv|qKmmastery tests vޏ/|~ Ɩ-NNctbvQ[Kmyv0 e(W1980t^11g1e ]1\S^Ǐ338SL?e}TN ƋYe ^,gNN_O Bl@b g23@b]z'Yf[T108@b>y:Sf[b~100Nf[u N1981t^yc[_Y [lQf[u[eugqُ*N}TN6RvW{QeHh0vQ-N\ _npf0WT;0W`vR [~bTyb$R0W[gOo`vR S4YTfNbNAmvRNS[bpeϑЏ{vR w\O/f~kNucO NS:\vuX[Kbk0N*Nf[uN]z'Yf[kN _{ g9\evNAmTyb$R'``~ebvc[0[27] 0R1990t^ 'YYpe]ygRYeYecyb$R'``~0 VYe^Tv1986t^S^vN*NhQVafN  0yb$R'``~vvhNYet_0RYes[ 0cQ evncN!kSN!k0WTbNhf f[uN:ONSU\vsQ.v ؚ4ls^ bNSyb$R0W0Q\O0o0F,TTctvR0YgYevvh/f Ye f[u` HN:NUOُy N`0eQRvpOSu ;NvSV/f Negl gNy[yb$R'``~bKNSU\v gHev0|~v:_0 9hnn/fYe^YeTY[yb$R'``~v͑Ɖ_ NY0Ye|~,g8^8^b:NW gvNyb$R'``~KNsXvx YeyfNNv_\sQl`~ 95%vhQSՋRNV`T_ _euNؚ6`~Ǐ z06q sN>yO0?elT*NNv YBg'`TcbBlrz`0 gEQR9hncv$ReNSRg0WTt'`0W`vR VdkYev͑p^lS0afNg~cQNyb$R'``~ gHeteTvW,g } SbYe^v҉r0Ye^vYeT~~v~gI{ N'Yebv^0[26]52-53 Tt^ hQ23*NhQV'`Ye~~SNvcwT zSU\OSOASCD /TRv`~Yef[T\O0[28]57efWy'Yf[!h<\Donald Kennedy wINN\lQ_O 36@b'Yf[[NTT~{r N1987t^11g18eS~V@b g3300@bf[bT'Yf[v!h0lQ_O  OcTcؚbNvu;m(ϑ bN_{SU\NY:N u `vRR:NW@xvwQ gHQORv~Nm& & ُasT@wbN N_ NWYyb$R0W0R 0WT[ g`aR0W`v^'YN0[29]198V[YeۏekċNNAEP v T?eV{YXTO :_ؚ6`~bvċN VTf[f[O8^RtNO1985t^_NfeOTf[[.^R\Ջyb$R'``~hKmT(WRؚ-N z-N~eQyb$R'``~0 :NYef[uyb$R0W` v zR:Ne TyT7hv f[O` vRyvYT%f {0k g TvY O)R Oe`~9eUR Illinois Project for the Improvement of Thinking  pR Project Zero 1981 0 _upeY_[ Odyssey of the Mind 1985 0 ]wQ:_S Instrumental Enrichment 1980 0 ؚ6`~b Higher-Order Thinking Skills 1982 I{0g:N^lO(uveHh/f `~b/g Tactics for Thinking 1985 VSQN7NNYe^cWS0N'Yybxvz:gg_N^Џ u0 gASpe*Nxvz:ggNNyb$R'``~;Nxvz NQ Tyb$R'``~vxvz:gg1\ gbWGeorge M.Luckey,Jr. #vwm_]z'Yf[v yb$R'``~-N_ 0el(Robert Swartz ;Ncv(WlXl(^X'Yf[v yb$R'``~V[-N_ 0OWRichard Paul #v"}s]z'Yf[v yb$R'``~-N_ 0yrKQ\]z'Yf[v yb$R'``~xvz@b I{03*N80t^NSU\wegv g TvTf[eT yb$R'``~Oۏ~~/fOW[vxvz:gg >NRK-12T'Yf[B\!kYev'Yĉ!jt^O s(W/fyb$R'``~WёOFoundation for Critical Thinking 0yb$R'``~-N_Center for Critical Thinking TSSyb$R'``~hQVtNOThe National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking el([v-N_ gyb$R'``~TR '``~vUxXR s(W/fhQV`~Yef[-N_National Center for Teaching Thinking nN#Wybb'Yf[1u9NPeter Facione [v:gg T:N m[ċN Insight Assessment 0MR$N*N~~͑pxvzyb$R'``~Yef[ ,{ N*NƖ-NNyb$R'``~i_TċN0[30]71981 1986t^ 0Ye[R 0Education Leadership 1943t^10gR R g7g`~bYef[NS 0V[[W 0National Forum gNg/f`~bN0f gyb$R'``~vNg R 0cvzf[yyb$R'``~ 01988t^RRvyrKQ\]z'Yf[yb$R'``~xvz@b 0sQN`~bvO_NM0W_ N1984 1986t^1\ g29*NO>NL vQ-Nyb$R'``~vNO1\ g9*N0[28]50-55 yb$R'``~ NNn:N'YYpe'Yf[nxz:NYevh N:Nb_bNNyN@bvsQNwƋ0f[`NTRv Yet b_bf[gqv yb$R'`t ُNKN g21*NGP/f[zv0[29]200-209Ye^T zhQ_NS+Tyb$R'``~ebvBl01987t^bzvV[NNYef[hQtNONational Board for Professional Teaching Standards N1989t^S^ 0Ye^^wSvTYZPvN 0What Teachers Should Know And Be Able To Do cQNSN;Sf[ ^lKQb^vZv Yef[v5*N8h_}T \O:NTfNyb$R'``~v͑'`0BlYe^ SU\f[uvyb$R'`TRg'`R 0}T4 Ye^|~0W`NNv[ N~-Nf[`N RNyb$R'``~vcvsQ vQ NSb Ye^/f gYe{QNv!j  NN0(u NNR v^PNa\ՋeuNir  NN~8^yb$R0W[g]v[NmSwƋ ibU\]vb \eSs8T6e0R]v[-N I{I{0bJT[}T4vʑ[E NBlYe^b:NSOsyb$R'``~bT:yyb$R'``~l(vi7h0(Wʑ}T5-Nv Ye^/ff[`NqQ TSOvbXT ecQ Ye^SNyb$R0WRgf[!h z V[tNOvYe^{QbNyċNf[!hYef[HTnvyb$R|^y0bJT:N yb$R'``~ N/fbaSuv [`~ [;`/fsQNgNirvct0bqvYe^a_f[y`~(WSU\0N[v0tv;NQ[t@bwvW@x\O(u0NNNlNTNNvf[uc:yyb$R'``~v N T!j_ Yef[uRg0W`Q[0Ye^laُ7hvN[kNf[yX[(WYCQƉ҉Tʑ TyOvsQl0 0V[YNqSiKN-N 0I{bJTNS?e^ؚB\v`^_N_0RlQOvT^0lag[ NNwSTtYe[V[vyIyN]*gegv͑'` NNb_bNُ7hvO_Ye/fgؚvV[ z058%v~zNu?aa:N.^RcGSVvYehQ fY0W~z0YFUNO@b0MST0WvFUNWLhO NvQpevFUN~~ReQ0ROۏlQS[Yev!.sLR-Neg RǖXTSNf[!h /ecYe9eivzlT{0͑vWёO NN:NN|RxvzbJTcON[(/ec N:NYe|~9eicODё/ec0Qt^eQ0O g350*N0WeYeWёObz0[25]12-13,18-19vmnfvNygBlV^[NNYevh25*N v͑'`ۏLc^  SU\o}Yv]\O`N`N~~]``vRThQ^y/lvR  SU\R 0W0[‰0WTRg0W`vR ُ$N*Nvhc(WgMR VlQO\[Nc(W,{mQT,{]NMO0[34]327 QHrTeZSO_N gclRoKNR0>y0?el+o;uT\NuRʑN(Wb/gؚ^Sv>yȎYe[*NN1uTl;NN@DHLRTV$24J^ظѱѱظ⑌hJxhJx0JKHaJ ho( hJxo(4hD?hc],B*KHOJ QJ ^JaJmH o(phsH hJxaJo(1hD?hc],B*KHOJ QJ ^JaJmH phsH hc],aJo(hD?hc],aJo( hc],o( haJo( hIaJo(hWhIaJo(1">` 24FJ|ر؜ؓ؁ؓؓ؁؁ؓ؁؁xؓ؁؁nh$<0JKHaJhs9;KHaJo(h$<KHaJo(hcKHaJo(h7)KHaJo((hFY;hrwB*KH]aJmH phsH 1h"hrwB*KHOJ QJ ^JaJmH phsH hFY;o(hFY;KHaJo(hrwKHaJo(hKHaJo(hJxhc],H*o(hJxhc],H*aJo(&FHNRVZ`@"(*2þõõêyyeVHh0h0H*aJmH sH h0h0CJaJmH sH &h00JB*KH]aJmH phsH %h$B*KH]aJmH o(phsH %hB*KH]aJmH o(phsH h$KHQJaJo(hKHQJaJo(h45KHaJo( ho(hKHaJo(hD?h45aJo(hD?haJo( haJo(hrwH*KHaJo(hs9;h$<H*KHaJo(24LRVZ^`r`djıĦoT<.hB*KHOJ QJ ^JaJmH o(phsH 4hZAhB*KHOJ QJ ^JaJmH o(phsH %hs9;hB*KHaJmH phsH ,hZAhB*KHQJaJmH o(phsH hThaJmH sH hKHmH o(sH $hZAhKHOJ QJ ^JmH sH hZAhKHmH o(sH )hihB*KHQJaJmH phsH ho(&hB*KHQJaJmH o(phsH tRVHPTf0F" ͷ͢͢͢͢ͷͷ|iZh;hucKHaJmH sH %h;hucB*KHaJmH phsH "h;B*KHaJmH o(phsH &h%7CB*KHQJ aJmH o(phsH )h;hB*KHQJ aJmH phsH +h;h6B*KH]aJmH phsH %h;hB*KHaJmH phsH h;hKHaJ(h;hB*KH]aJmH phsH " , !*!@!B!!!!&"("*">"źŬŅrZB/h(yhucB*KHQJ ]aJmH o(phsH .hucB*KHOJ QJ ^JaJmH o(phsH %h;hucB*KHaJmH phsH 4h(yhucB*KHOJ QJ ^JaJmH o(phsH huc6KH]aJo(hB{huc6KH]aJhB{hucKHaJhucKHaJo(hucKHaJmH o(sH &h(yhuc6KH]^JaJmH sH h(yhucKHaJmH o(sH >"@"r"v"~""""######$ $ $$$$$$*$N$zi_SHSH_SHShucQJ\aJo(h(yhucQJ\aJh(yhuc\aJ h(yhucKHQJaJmH sH hr8hQnKH]aJo(hr8hQnKH]aJhB{hQnKHaJhQnB*KHQJ aJo(ph"hucB*KHaJmH o(phsH %h phucB*KHaJmH phsH (h phucB*KH]aJmH phsH ,h phucB*KHQJ ]aJmH phsH N$P$r$v$0%%%%%%%\&j&z&&&&&&'''񚇚܇r_M>h*huc0JB*QJph"hucB*KHaJmH o(phsH %h phucB*KHaJmH phsH )h phucB*KHQJ aJmH phsH %h;hucB*KHaJmH phsH )h;hucB*KHQJ aJmH phsH !h;hucB*KHPJ aJphh;huc0JB*aJphh;hucB*aJph(h;hucB*KH]aJmH phsH h;hucB*\aJph'~''''''' ( ((p(t(((4)<))wg\gL>3>h5^KHmH o(sH hJIhJIKHmH o(sH hJIhJIKHQJmH o(sH hJI]mH o(sH hJIhJIKH]mH o(sH +h*hucB*KH]aJmH o(phsH %h;B*KH]aJmH o(phsH h*hucB*aJph%hUB*KH]aJmH o(phsH (h*hucB*KH]aJmH phsH huc0JB*QJo(phh*huc0JB*QJphh*huc0JB*phH(J4778>CLUd[vj d`gdyG d`gdk$d7$8$H$WD`a$gd_ $d7$8$H$`a$gd7 d`gd7 d`gdqdWDXD2YD2`gdD$d7$8$H$WD`gdD$$d7$8$H$WD`a$gdD$ ))))))@*F*r*****R+V+^+`+h+n+~++++++,,Ⱥ|unu^QuGh$x0JKHaJhJIKHOJQJ^Jo(hU{hJIKHOJQJ^Jo( hrO)KHo( hJIKHo(h$xh$xH*aJmH sH h$xh{0JKHmH sH hg0KHmH o(sH h{KHmH o(sH hJIKHmH o(sH hCohJIH*mH o(sH hJI0JB*aJmH phsH hCoKHmH o(sH hJIhJIKHmH o(sH hJIhCoKHmH o(sH ,- -*-,-0-2-6-L-N-R-T---. .d.|.~..../////,/./0/6/H/X/^/ֵֵֵ֦֦֔օ֦֦vh\hh( hH*mH sH h( hH*KHmH sH h( h0JKHmH sH hyM^KHOJQJmH o(sH #h \hKHOJQJmH o(sH hJIKHOJQJmH o(sH #h \hrO)KHOJQJmH o(sH hrO)KHOJQJmH o(sH #h \hJIKHOJQJmH o(sH h$xhJIH*KHo(h$xh$xH*KHo(!^/b/f/v/z///X0Z0n0r000000d1111ͼxjZQG9hQnhQnH*KHaJo(hQn0JKHaJhQnKHaJo(hQnB*KHQJ aJo(phhP/h}BH*KHmH sH )hP/h( 0JB*KHaJmH phsH !hP/KHOJ QJ ^JmH o(sH !hI?MKHOJ QJ ^JmH o(sH hhJIKHmH sH !hJIKHOJ QJ ^JmH o(sH !h( KHOJ QJ ^JmH o(sH h(yhJIKHmH sH 'h(yhJIKHOJ QJ ^JmH o(sH 11111J2L2P2R2V2X2^2~222222222223 3333333ڼ}vneYnMhhH*KHo(hQnhQnH*KHo(hQn0JKHo(h0JKH hJIKHo(hh4hJIaJ hP/aJo( hJIaJo(%hJIB*KH]aJmH o(phsH (h*hJIB*KH]aJmH phsH hhH*o(hQnhQnH*o(hQnhQn0Jo( h0J hP/o( hJIo(hThJIo( ho(hThJI\333333333<4D4H4J45 5 55R5V5X5Z555·zgXIX:X:hKHQJaJmH o(sH h] KHQJaJmH o(sH h,XKHQJaJmH o(sH $h<JB*H*]aJmH o(phsH *h<Jh,XB*H*]aJmH o(phsH &h<J0JB*KH]aJmH phsH %h,XB*KH]aJmH o(phsH hzH*KHaJo(hvhvH*KHaJo(hv0JKHaJhvKHaJo(h`s6KHaJo(hIKHaJo(hWhvaJo(5555555n6x66667"7n7t7v7|777777777<8B8Ǽǰ}lc[V[Q[QL hco( hD$o( h6o(hAhD$o(hD$CJPJo( hQYh,XB*CJaJo(phhzh,XH*KHQJaJo(&hzh,XH*KHQJaJmH o(sH hzhz0JKHQJaJhz0JKHQJaJhn-KHQJaJo(h,XKHQJaJo(h] KHQJaJmH o(sH hKHQJaJmH o(sH h,XKHQJaJmH o(sH B8N88888888888999999999992::::(;0;^;h;t;|;~;;;; <(<,<t<<Ż涱zrhhwghq6]hwghqo(hJhJH*hJhJ0JaJ hJo( hJo(hCQhCQH*hCQhCQ0JaJ h%h6 h6o( hJDo(h ChD$KHo(h ChD$KH h4KHo( hBKHo( h*7o( hBo( hD$o( hqo( h7o( hco( he#^o((<<<<<<<<<<<<<<= === =l=z==========>>>>>ǽǷujX"hB*KHaJmH o(phsH hD$CJKHaJo(hhD$H*KHaJhheE0JaJh*7OJQJaJo(heEOJQJaJo(hD$OJQJaJo(heEheEH*o( heE0J heEo( hTo( ho( h ?J?L?N?P?T?V?????????????????@@J@L@f@j@@@,A\A^AAAAʷʥʥʥʓʓooo"hWB*KHaJmH o(phsH "hT%B*KHaJmH o(phsH "h; B*KHaJmH o(phsH "h7B*KHaJmH o(phsH %hhB*KHaJmH phsH "hB*KHaJmH o(phsH "hB*KHaJmH o(phsH "h*B*KHaJmH o(phsH %AAAABBNB\BzBBBBBBBBBBBBCCʸʸfL3h<B*OJ QJ ^J aJfHo(phq 6h<h<B*OJ QJ ^J aJfHphq "h^xB*KHaJmH o(phsH "hdEB*KHaJmH o(phsH "h<B*KHaJmH o(phsH "hlpB*KHaJmH o(phsH "hWB*KHaJmH o(phsH "hWB*KHaJmH o(phsH "hp#B*KHaJmH o(phsH C C"C@CbCCCCCCC D:D>DжxfQ?6-& hU6aJo(hU6QJaJo(hU6KHaJo("h_ B*KHaJmH o(phsH (h<hcB*KHaJmH o(phsH #h49D0JB*KHaJmH phsH "h@FB*KHaJmH o(phsH "h*B*KHaJmH o(phsH 3hm`B*OJ QJ ^J aJfHo(phq 3hcB*OJ QJ ^J aJfHo(phq 3h<B*OJ QJ ^J aJfHo(phq *h<h<B*aJfHphq >DBDFDJDPDhDjD~DDDDDDD*E2EEEEEEEEEEF0F8F@F`F̺ð|qgWR h4o(hhTB*H*aJo(phhT0JQJaJh(|'h4QJaJhTOJQJaJo(h4OJQJaJo(h4h4QJaJh4h4aJh\)h*9?H*aJh*9?0JQJaJh\)QJaJo(h*9?QJaJo(hU6QJaJo(h&hU6QJaJ h*9?aJo( hU6aJo( h 0aJo(hD?h 0aJo(`FdFrFzFFFFFFFFFFF6G8G\G~GGGGGGHHH"H,HDHPH~HHHjTj*hh)UB*aJfHphq .hh)UB*QJ aJfHphq hh)UB*aJph2hh)U0JB*QJ aJfHphq .hh)U0JB*aJfHphq hhQ#H*aJo( hQ#0J h$o( h hT hTo( h o( ho( h4o(h!h4KHPJ aJ HHHHHHHHHHHHHIIFIJI`IdIIIIIIIҺznd]ndPnHCHCHCHCHd hq<o(hMhq<o(hMhq<B*^Jph hq<KHo(hMhq<KHo(hq<B*^Jo(ph+h2B*QJ aJfHo(phq 'h2B*aJfHo(phq *hh2B*aJfHphq .hh00tB*QJ aJfHphq .hh)UB*QJ aJfHphq *hh)UB*aJfHphq IIIJJ0J6JK8KDKTKVKdKfKjKlK|K~KKKKKKKKK6L:LNLPLLLLLL:Mᾞymh4B*aJo(ph&h4B*KHOJQJ^JaJo(ph!h{h_BB*KHPJ aJph$h_ h_ 0JB*KH\aJphh!h_BKHOJQJ h_ KHo(hu"h_BB*aJphhu"h_B0JB*aJphhwh_BKH hcgKHo( h_BKHo( h&6KHo(#:MFMdMMNNN"NNNNNNjOlOOO2P4P^PbPPP~QQRʴʜ{ofZfQQQHhEKHaJo(hnfKHaJo(h#yh#yKHaJo(h8aKHaJo(h#yB*aJo(phh[KHaJo(h#yKHaJo(h[h[B*H*aJph.h[h_0JB*aJfHphq *h4h4B*aJfHphq 3h4B*OJ QJ ^J aJfHo(phq 6h:h4B*OJ QJ ^J aJfHphq RSSSSST TTT"T$TT@TDTzTTTTT U&U.U:UBUDUHULUNUUUUUUʼʼʰʼʼʼʼʼxocxhkhkH*aJo(hk0JaJo(h([h"0JaJhfKHaJo(h$&QJaJo(htXh$&QJaJhAh$&OJQJ^JaJo( h"o( h'&aJo( h$&aJo( hkaJo(hAh$&aJo(h3Ch#yKHaJh#yKHaJo(hkh#yH*KHaJo(hk0JKHaJ"UUUUUUUXXXXXY>YLYTYXYnYYYZ`ZdZZZZZtkkaSGhH B*aJo(phh#h#yH*KHaJo(h#0JKHaJh#KHaJo(hI{h#yKHaJhk0JKHaJhPoPKHaJo(hkKHaJo(hkh#yH*KHaJo(hkhkH*KHaJo(h_KHaJo(h#yKHaJo(h#yB*aJo(phhkh4KHaJo(h'&KHaJo(hc$KHaJo(hc$hc$KHaJo(Z[ ["[R[V[b[d[[[[[[[[[[\\F\H\X\p\\\\\]V]d]f]]]»Њ~~~obYhIGdKHaJo(hc$B*\aJo(phhc$hc$B*\aJphhc$B*aJo(phhc$hc$B*aJphh4hKHPJaJhKHaJo( haJo( h6aaJo( hAaJo( hQaJo( h2AaJo(hc$KHaJo(hyGKHaJo(h!KHaJo(h7KHaJo(h *B*aJo(ph ]]]:^`^h^^^^^_._D_F_V_\__``0`D`|```` aaaZaaaaa b b bhbpbrbbbbbcvcc dھ hQ-%aJo( haJo(hKH]aJo(h!PhKH]aJhKHaJo(hh!H*KHaJo(hH 0JKHaJh4h!KHPJaJ h|]{o(h!KHaJo( h!o( h@o(hIGdKHaJo(h@KHaJo(. dd dddddeee6eeeeeee"fzffffff gg@gVgXgggXhZhdhfhjhhhhhhhhh̾zoooh7KH\aJo(hiKHaJo(hyGKHaJo(hyGQJaJo(hhhyGQJaJhhhyGaJhhhyG]aJhyGKH\aJo(hhhyGKH\aJo( hyGo(hyGhyGo(hThTH*o( hTo( hOL"o( hU@ aJo(h0uh0uH*aJo(+d[ dnq|\q dWD`gdx` dWD`gdH*' dWD`gd{dWDXD2YD2`gdR$d7$8$H$WD`a$gdgb$d7$8$H$WD`a$gd d`gdD<* d`gd0u d`gdU@ h6i:iPiTiiiii$j,j.j2j6j`jbjzjjjjjjjkĬjjjK<hPx"hyG@B*OJQJ\aJfHo(phq *h4hT^HB*aJfHphq +hcB*QJ aJfHo(phq +hT^HB*QJ aJfHo(phq .h4hT^HB*QJ aJfHphq .hT^HhT^HB*QJ aJfHphq hyG0JKH\aJhyGKH\aJo(hhhyGKH\aJo(kl8l@lllllllllvmmmmmn"n$n4nuX0JB*ph$hlrh>uXB*OJQJaJo(ph"h>uXB*OJQJ^JaJo(phhlrh>uXB*aJphh0uh0uaJo(hU@ hU@ H*aJhU@ hU@ 0JaJhU@ hU@ aJh#jhU@ OJQJaJo(h#jhU@ aJh#jhU@ QJaJhLhU@ aJhU@ OJQJaJo(6hU@ @B*OJQJ\aJfHo(phq LnNnVnXn^n`nrntn|n~nnnnnnnn@o~oooooooƳuh_TITITI>h'AOJQJaJo(hi OJQJaJo(hnOJQJaJo(hnKHaJo(h|Th>uXB*aJphh|Th>uXB*H*aJphh|Th0u0JB*aJphhB*OJQJaJo(phh"B*OJQJaJo(ph$hlrh>uXB*OJQJaJo(phh>uXB*OJQJ^Jo(ph333h3jh>uXB*aJphh&h>uXB*aJphh>uXB*OJQJaJo(phorpxp~ppppppppppppp qPqTqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqrxrulahnOJQJaJo(hBS\aJo(hnH*\aJo(hrXthnH*\aJo(hrXt0J\aJhPrx\aJo(hrXt\aJo(hn\aJo(hD<*hkB*H*aJo(phhD<*hD<*B*H*aJo(phhkB*aJo(phhnB*aJo(phhi B*aJo(phhi OJQJaJo(#xr|rrrrrrrrr2s6s:s>sDsPspsxs~sssssst &>Phj&4FX鯢hiWB*OJQJaJo(phh6RhnB*aJph$h6RhnB*OJQJaJo(phhMhnQJaJUhMhnaJ hiWaJo(hD?hiWaJo(hnOJQJaJo(hMOJQJaJo(6 Press CBSv Zfe Evening News 0 ee Morning News 0 ?eV^0& & f[uR'`v%N͑ z^^8^zQ0  'YYpeYe^[hQ NwSYUO0Rؚv`~B\!k0 [38]1uN~NmS_evOVOo` ǖ;NN[BlNe\yb$R'``~b^(uNOo`Yt S\]vtNNNlvǖXT01989t^5g ABCe(u1\eُ*N͑݋0 cgqvV{RNvl  g͑v]\Ob/f N*Nf[u(Wy_f[!hTNb gyb$R'``~vRϑ 0^dNh_(uNNlQS#N@b/ecv‰pyb$R'``~(Wǖ]TOcgǖ(usQ| N\nboeg͑v҉r0[23]xiii NN~70t^NNegvyb$R'``~f[/gxvzSNR:N N*N6k kN6k g N Tvxvz zT^(u͑p0,{Nl1970 1982 yb$R'``~xvzv͑p/f1uTf[[;N[v;0Tctt0t[>PTNNNZ&qNf>fv gT-Nv`~ (uv[rzTb/gvƉ҉eg wctT; ~gl gYtyb$R'``~vsQ.bR  ;T;0,{Nl1980 1993 vyr_/f‰pvY7h'` _tf[0yb$RYef[l0sY'`;NINTyrkf[yuirf[0FUNbbt NS,{Nlxvz z1YvgNCQ }`a0vɉ0`aTR '`I{ b:N[Ɖyb$R'``~v N TƉ҉0[k,{NlvRf:N^l [yb$R'``~v[QN;f[TOf[ O~0FO,{Nlv]\O:ONNyqQNvzfƋ O~ ;`SO N_\ gteT N*Y/ 8^8^f:N Em @bZPv N T[8^v]\O_0Rv6e8^8^/fNm^T%NyO@bcS yb$R'``~8T6eۏYevT*NB\!k019770R1988t^ 'Y~ g2000{sQNyb$R'``~vez(Wf[/gg RSh1993t^ V] g800@bؚ!hNTyb__cO\Nyyb$R'``~ z0[40] N0yb$R'``~ЏRvN

yO~Nm0WMOT6R^ bKNX[(WvckvsQv~T gbNؚI{Ye6R^SN>yOQuNvNye_0[43] gf[:N N*NV[v~Nm}TЏSQN~bTWRevR0Vg͑vReOR/feS0ReveSsXb Reu`|~ Nyygvb^'`vQz NyNu^T㉳QvQz0ُ/fNySOs(WVSOLu0Vl^TV?el|~-NvQz /fNy~gSzNvQz vQ-Nv1Y% g:gO(WSN)Y܀ N(W Ne9eۏُyZS_ebNN g)R[sQ|0[_N/fR '`4xOWvQz /f~eFUN!j__ 4xOWeFUN!j_vǏ z0g͑v/f Ny^'`QzveSVYOcbkNWvCgZ0VvYe:gggNeg(uTye_:_yb$R'``~ ُ/f-NVTvQNV[s(Wlvv0ReveS(WNyf'YvfTONveSKNQRQz ͑ƉTR荇eSR0Vvl(TSS^8^TُyeS0_Ng}YvOP[/f~W~vy0‰pcb00Qcb g~NT/f N Tv0[bǏ zv~g ُ*NǏ zk(WVl_|~-NSsv[bǏ zf:NOŖ0FO/fMRc/fv Tv(WBlwtTwvvǏ z-N YCQv``vNQd Nv!hck0(WN*NU"kRceTygQzvNLȗV gOR0VyrQNLu0~WNLuNSQ~SvNLuhQ_YNVv^TY\0ُNNLuvyr'`[N21N~vReT㉳Q/fsQ.0[44]106-109 Vyb$R'``~ЏRvSS~[bN g͑/T0ЏR0RNev4ls^v^O6q gc~KNRhQNN N5*NwQSOV }0,{N yb$R'``~vcL_0R6R^bSO6Rv/ed ;`~0T?e^0]?e^NSTyYe~~0>yO~~cON/ec0,{N >yO;`RXTOyb$R'``~vt_meQ0R>yOveebb _0R]FULu0QHrZSOLu0f[/gLu0TyWёONSYe^0f[uT[v^ TT/ec0ُy1u N NT N NvORu:NsQ.0,{ N YeebvqQ/c Oyb$R'``~vYef[T~|~S0Rf[vh0Ye^0Yef[TsYef[el0c00\ON0Ջ0 z0YePg0Ջ0!hV;mR 0eQf[ b0DyOЏRb`no N ib'Y]vq_TR0kY (WۏekYeЏR0yb$RTf[`no0>yOxvzb>yO zЏR0 TWЏRKN-N gf>f :_pvyb$R'``~V }0S_6q VN_NƋ0Ryb$R'``~vcLNW{QOG0RNNx0'YYpebN gyb$R'``~R FOekv_t0eST?elvy_;bk[>fs0[46]159(Wyb$R'``~ЏR_U\g gf[b_9eiv}TЏOP60070t^NOV(W N Tf[yYeyb$R'``~bvNNN7heR ԏ V:Nُ*NvhNf[!hvvQNYvh Nv[ (W؞yb$R'``~~KN_'`v Te NNO~~(uWYvb__egYef[0[47] NǏ gf[[ُ:WЏRvg~bRcPN‰`^ NN g4pt1uHQ yb$R'``~ЏRv^ Nckbcb O~ NlQvf[!hYevh /fe(W.^RR\t^f}Y0W[bُNvh,{N [ gHev`~Yef[ [`~TYeSS_NkeHQv9eiN㉗_fY 'YϑxvzcON[ُNsavm[,{ N g^llQO0NNNXTTvS_Yv?elT6R^RRv/ec ُ/feHQ9eS`~Yef[vRR@b NwQ gv,{V 9eU`~Yef[vЏR_NN_Y`~beHh_NRRT/ec N'YYpeegsQN`~v z z^S N T ُNeHhN,Sb=\vYe^~~N 'Y'Y gRNO[N@bS+Tvie gHe0Wlbc0RX N0Yُ7hveHhWNf~0f|nxv`~T`~bvi_S,{N [9eU`~Yef[vWB\/ec_NkǏS'Y_Y NNa_9eUOo`R]T9eUQ[f[`NKNvT| |`~TLN bKNvT|0S_6q `~bЏRv*geg_N gNx0 gYNTƖV_S N`t^{Nf[Of}Y0W`0 NNyb$R'``~Yef[vpw NckƉXYef[s[ bl g\NNveHhN~y0f[`Nr^pb0Wt^{NCQwv͑'`NSYef[HegSRv~T ُ_S b[te*N9eiv$O[0[47] yb$R'``~(W-NVvSU\N͑S܏0TVvk (W N5*NV }eb]ݍ]'Y $\vQyb$R'``~܏ N/f V[6R OYďN\*g\yb$R'``~\O:NؚI{Yevvh V[Ye9eiNSU\~-N_NSW[*gc0 N -NVeSsX-NvNNV }ǏN w͑CgZTbP[I{ ;xyb$R'``~vW0 gVf[u󁤋:N (W-NVeS틃X-N e{t`RR(W-NVRQ]`vN ^vOg`,T0RvgyN/f_Rv0[44]108-NVvyb$R'``~cLN>yO9eiTeSfebQ ~Tweg0 Se.s   PAGE  PAGE 14 [1] Vincent Ryan Ruggiero.Neglected Issues in the Field of Critical Thinking.In Daniel Fasko,Jr(ed.).Critical Thinking and Reasoning:Current research, theory,and practice. Cresskill,NJ:Hampton Press, Inc., 2003. pp.369-380. [2] Mortimer J.Adler.The Paideia Proposal:An Educational Manifesto.New York:Macmillan.1982. [3] David P. Gardner,et al.A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform.An Open Letter to the American People.A Report to the Nation and the Secretary of Education. Washington, D.C: National Commission on Excellence in Education.Government Printing Office.1983. [4] Ernest L.Boyer.High School:A Report on Secondary Education.The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.1983. [5] America's Competitive Challenge:The Need for a National Response. Business-Higher Education Forum.1983. [6] Involvement in Learning: Realizing the Potential ofAmerican Higher Education. Final Report of the Study Group on the Conditions of Excellence in American Higher Education.Washington, D.C:National Institute of Education. [7] Theodore R. Sizer.Horace's Compromise:The Dilemma of the American High School:with a New Preface. New York: Mariner Books.2004. [8]William T.Coleman, Cecily Cannon Selby, et al. Educating Americans for the 21st Century: A plan of action for improving mathematics, science and technology education for all American elementary and secondary students so that their achievement is the best in the world by 1995.Washington,D.C:National Science Board Commission on Precollege Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology.1983. [9] Integrity in the College Curriculum: A Report to the Academic Community. Washington,D.C: Association of American Colleges.1985. [10] Tomorrow's Teachers: A Report of The Holmes Group.East Lansing, MI: Holmes Group,Inc.1986. [11] An Imperiled Generation:Saving Urban Schools.Princeton,NJ:The Carnegie Foundationfor the Advancement of Teaching.1988. [12] Fred C.Lunenburg.Introduction:Current Educational Reform Movement History,Progress to Date,and the Future.Education and Urban Society.Vol.25.No.1(1992).pp.3-17. [13] Kerry S.Walters.Introduction:Beyond Logicism in Critical Thinking.In Kerry S.Walters(ed.).Re-Thinking Reason:New perspectives in critical thinking. Albany,New York:State University of New York Press.1994. pp.1-22. [14] Ralph H.Johnson. Critical Reasoning and Informal Logic.In Richard A.Talaska(ed.).Critical Reasoning in Contemporary Culture. New York:State University of New York Press.1992.pp.69-88. [15] Stephen E.Toulmin, R.Rieke and A. Janik. An Introduction to Reasoning.New York:Macmillan.1979. [16] Joanne Kurfiss.Critical Thinking: Theory, research, practice, and possibilities.ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report.No.2.Washington,D.C:Association for the Study of Higher Education.1988. [17] Ralph H.Johnson and J.Anthony Blair.Logical Self-Defense.Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.1977. [18] Report on The Windsor Symposium.Informal Logic Newsletter.Vol.1.No.1(1978).pp.4-5. [19] Linda Bomstad and Perry Weddle.Editors' Introduction.Agumentation.Vol.3.No.2(1989).pp.111-114. [20] Robert J.Swartz.Restructuring Curriculum For Critical Thinking.Educational Leadership. Vol.43.No.8(1986). pp.43-44. [21] Ronald Reagan:1983.v.1.Washington:Office of the Federal Register,National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration.1984. [22] Ronald Reagan 1988-89 (in two books). v.2.Washington:United States Government Printing Office.1991. [23] Josina M. Mokau.Reasoning and Communication: Thinking critically about arguments.Belmont:Wadsworth, Inc.,1990. [24] THE WHITE HOUSE,Office of the Press Secretary. REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT TO THE HISPANIC CHAMBER OF COMMERCE ON A COMPLETE AND COMPETITIVE AMERICAN EDUCATION. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-of-the-President-to-the-United-States-Hispanic- Chamber-of-Commerce 2014/1/5 10:03:24 [25] The Nation Responds:Recent Efforts to Improve.Education. Washington,D.C:Department of Education.1984. [26] Debbie Walsh and Richard W.Paul.The Goal of Critical Thinking:from Educational Ideal to Educational Reality.Washington,D.C.: American Federation of Teachers, Educational Issues Department.1986. [27] California State University issued Executive Order 338,General Education  Breadth Requirements(1980). http://www.calstate.edu/eo/EO-338.pdf [28] Barbara Z.Presseisen.Critical Tinking and Thinking Skills:State of the art definitions and practice in public schools.Wasgington,D.C:Office of Educational Research and Improvement.1986. [29] Richard W. Paul. Critical Thinking in North America:A New of Knowledge,Learning and Literacy. Agumentation. Vol.3.No.2(1989).pp.197-235. [30] Robert Ennis. Critical Thinking: Reflection and Perspective Part I.INQUIRY:CRITICAL THINKING ACROSS THE DISCIPLINES. Vol.26, No.1(2011).pp.4-18. [31] What Teachers Should Know and Be Able To Do.Arlington,VA:National Board for Professional Teaching Standards.1989. [32] Merle Kataoka-Yahiro and Collen Saylor.A Critical Thinking Model for Nursing Judgment.Journal Nursing Education.Vol.33.No.8(1994).pp.351-356. [33] Robert H.Ennis. Critical Thinking Assessment.in Daniel Fasko,Jr(ed.).Critical Thinking and Reasoning: Current research, theory,and practice. Cresskill,NJ:Hampton Press, Inc., 2003.pp.293-313. [34] Alec Gallup.The Gallup Poll Of Teachers' Attitudes Toward the Public Schools Part 2.Phi Delta Kappan. Vol.66. No.5(1985)pp.323-340. [35] Albert Keith Whitaker.Critical Thinking in the Tower Ivory. Academic Questions,Winter 2002-03.pp.50-59. [36] The Christian Science Monitor.February 28,1986. [37] Richard Paul.Think! Now Schools Are Teaching How.U.S News & World Report.January 14,1985. [38] Walter Karp.Why Johnny Can't Think:The Politics of Bad Schooling. Harper's.June, 1986.pp. 69-73. [39] Richard Paul.THE CRITICAL THINKING MOVEMENT:197O-1997. http://www.criticalthinking.org/ articles/documenting-history.cfm [40] Karma El Hassan and Ghida Madhum.Validating the Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. Higher Education.Vol.54 (2007) No.3.pp.361-383. [41] Carol McGuinness and John Nisbet.Teaching thinking in Europe.British Journal of Educational Psychology. Vol.61.No.2(1991).pp.174-186. [42] u-N^;Nы 0hQtYeSU\vSShTTVYeye~~VEYe'YO60t^^fN 0 SNYeyf[QHr>y 1999t^Hr0 [43] Lisa Tsui.Reproducing Social Inequalities through Higher Education:Critical Thinking as Valued Capital.The Journal of Negro Education.Vol.72.No.3(2003).pp.318-332. [44] Anne-Marie Slaughter.America's Edge:Power in the Networked Century.Foreign Affairs.Vol.88.No.1(2009). pp.94-113. [45] Daniel T.Willingham.Critical Thinking:Why Is It So Hard to Teach?American Educator. Summer,2007. pp.9-19. [46] Stephen Brookfield.Critical Thinking in Adulthood.In Daniel Fasko,Jr(ed.).Critical Thinking and Reasoning: Current research, theory,and practice.Cresskill,NJ:Hampton Press,Inc.2003.pp.143-163. [47] S.Samuel Shermis.School Haven't Taught Either Reasoning or Problem-Solving Skills. Education Week. Vol.4.No.5(1984).p.20. [47] Barry K.Beyer and Margaret O.Tipper.Thinking-Skills Movement Has Brighter Future Than Many Earlier Reforms. Education Week.Vol.4.No.9(1984).p.19. On Critical Thinking Movement in America and Its Enlightenment WU Hong-zhi (The College of Political Science and Law, Yan an University,Shaanxi Yan an 716000, China) Abstract: In the 1980s, Americans realized the signs of recession of their competitiveness in global economy and ascribe this to some problems in educational system, which arouse educational reform movement responded by the whole society. The initiation and practice of critical thinking of top-down and bottom-up became one of the most powerful responses. This gigantic and permanent critical thinking movement has made critical thinking become the goal of all levels of American education. The concept of critical thinking is deeply rooted in the hearts of people, grafting on to American cultural value and has a global impact. The implementation of critical thinking in China is underway and its motivation needs combination with social reform and cultural update. Key words: movement of educational reform report; critical thinking movement; thinking skills; thinking teaching \OT|e_ Kb:g 13008577820 { HYPERLINK "mailto:yaydwhz@126.com" yaydwhz@126.com 0W@WU ^[ ^['Yf[?elf[b 716000 D8BDNR\dlz˼|||p|a|||h6Rh6RB*KHaJphh6RB*aJo(phh6Rh6RB*aJo(ph h5yaJo(h[ h5yB*KHaJphhAh5yB*aJo(phh5yB*aJo(phh6Rh,B*aJo(phh6RhMB*H*aJph$h6RhnB*OJQJaJo(ph$h6RhMB*OJQJaJo(ph  TVZ\^`bhrv|Ƿ~reUrJC<5< hNaJo( h.aJo( h,aJo(hNKHQJaJo(h<h<H*KHQJaJo(h<0JKHQJaJo(h c0JKHQJaJh5yKHQJaJo(h<0JKHQJaJh-$KHQJaJo(h<KHQJaJo(h<B*aJo(phh<h6RB*H*aJo(phh<h5yH*aJo(h5y0JB*KHaJphh5yB*KHaJo(ph h[ h[ B*KHaJo(ph6HPht@npxHJ\^`bHLNTjø|w|r h6To( hoTo( hZ vo( h~o( ho( hH*o(hMhMH*o( hMo( hno(h0JaJh56h,aJo(h,KHQJaJo( hj"aJo(hw6hj"aJhj"KHQJaJo(h<h<H*aJo( h!aJo( hNaJo( h,aJo(,6pr(,46Z$02.2rz| ľyphGJOJQJo(hRCJPJo(hhgbCJaJo(hkk0JB*KHaJphhgbB*KHaJo(phhgbB*o(ph hgbo( ho( h0J ho( h=Wo( h ZQo(hIg hpLo( hIgo( h=o( hQ$o( h6To( hoTo( h:o( hZ vo(,hj .2h&,68Zbhx 8:l¸yqh *0JaJhn(0JaJ h *o( hn(o( h}o(h}B*OJQJo(phhsQB*OJQJo(phheheH*KHo(he0JKHaJ heKHo( hoKH hk KHo( hoKHo( hvKH hvKHo( ht$KHo( hGVKHo( hGJKHo(* >Tb*<HRɽɽɱ~~~ssh hv0JaJh hvo(h hRo(h{OJQJo(h=[NOJQJo(h OJQJo(hPh=[No(h=[Nh=[NOJQJo( h~>h} hB[o( h}o(h *h *H*aJo(h *h *H*o(h *0JaJh h H*o(h 0JaJo(+ 8>X\`  "FHPTdh|4>NPTVZfl| >^bjptv弲h5h{H*o( h50J hS%Fo( hTo( ho( hw_o( h&o( h~Bo( h'Eo( h")Fo( h{o(h h")Fo(h h7o(F "t~&HL^nt~( ¹ˋˋˋˋ‚xjhnhnH*KHaJo(hn0JKHaJh QKHaJo(h_6KHaJo( hH*'KHOJQJ\^JaJo(&h hH*'KHOJQJ\^JaJo(hH*'KHaJo(hIYKHaJo(hwKHaJo(hvFKHaJo(hYKHaJo(h|KHaJo( hH*'H*o(h5hS%FH*o() FPTvdz|ٷ~iXOXOX>!h3D0JKHOJQJ\^JaJh3DKHaJo( h3DKHOJQJ\^JaJo()hAh|H*KHOJQJ\^JaJo(!hA0JKHOJQJ\^JaJ&h~h|KHOJQJ\^JaJo(&h~hAKHOJQJ\^JaJo( hAKHOJQJ\^JaJo( hH*'KHOJQJ\^JaJo(&h hH*'KHOJQJ\^JaJo(hAKHaJo(hH*'KHaJo( TZln46<BJPRZ\bdͼ h$<KHOJQJ\^JaJo( h*eKHOJQJ\^JaJo( hKHOJQJ\^JaJo( h{lKHOJQJ\^JaJo(hUhx`o( hx`0J hkio( ht{ o( hx`o( hm:o( hm:KHOJQJ\^JaJo(6d*,68<>BDFHLNZ᳢ֽsfbZbSbZbIC hSg0JjhSg0JU hJxhXjhXUhXhJxOJPJQJaJo(hJxhJxOJPJQJaJo(hCxhJxOJQJaJo( h*eKHOJQJ\^JaJo( hx`KHOJQJ\^JaJo(h$<h$<H*aJh'Eh$<OJQJaJo(h{lOJQJaJo(h$<OJQJaJo(h'Eh{lOJQJaJo( h{lKHOJQJ\^JaJo(\*,8:<@BDFJL^`bz|~*dWDj^`gd &`#$gd~ gdJxdgdJx dWD`gdc],$d1$WD`a$gdx`Z\^bdprvxz~J(BHJl0Vt÷ë÷Út÷dUhQnhSgCJaJmH sH hQnhSg6CJaJmH sH $hQnhSg0J6B*CJaJph$hQnhSg0J6B*CJaJph!hQnhSg0JB*CJaJphhQnhSgCJ]aJhQnhSgCJaJo(hQnhSgCJaJhQnhSg0JCJH*aJhXhi20JmHnHuhSg hSg0JjhSg0JU*BT dgd$Ld7$8$H$WD^`La$gd$dWDj^`a$gddWDj^`gddgd dVD^gdtv|"$@BZƺyoeWLW?4hSgCJKHaJo(hQnhSgCJKHaJhQnhSgCJaJhQnhSg0JCJH*aJhQnhSgCJo(hQnhSg6CJ'hQnhSg6B*CJ]mH phsH $hQnhSg6B*CJmH phsH !hQnhSgB*CJmH phsH hQnhSgCJhQnhSg0JCJH*hQnhSgCJaJo( hQnhSgCJKHaJmH sH hQnhSgCJaJmH sH hSgCJaJmH o(sH (*fhjlxzp\Iε$hQnhSg0JB*CJ\aJph'hQnhSg0J6B*CJ\aJph$hQnhSg0J6B*CJaJphhQnhSg6CJaJ$hQnhSg0J6B*CJaJph%hQnhSgCJaJfHq hQnhSgCJaJhQnhSg0JCJH*aJhQnhSgCJaJo(hSgCJKHaJo(hQnhSgCJKHaJo(hQnhSgCJKHaJHjFp źvvd#hzhSg6B*CJ]aJphhzhSgCJPJ aJhzhSg6CJaJhzhSgB*CJaJphhzhSgCJKH]aJhzhSg0JCJH*aJhzhSgCJaJ%hzhSgB*CJaJmH phsH %hQnhSgB*CJaJmH phsH hQnhSgCJaJhSgCJaJo(&>@ ,LTfhj㹧ؙ}n}n}n\n}Pnh"hSgCJaJo(#h"hSg6B*CJ]aJphh"hSgB*CJaJph h"hSgB*CJaJo(phh"hSgCJaJh"hSg0JCJH*aJ#hzhSg6B*CJ]aJph hzhSg6B*CJaJphhzhSg0JCJH*aJhzhSgCJaJhzhSgB*CJaJphhSgB*CJaJo(ph46HJdfFHPT\     " ȹxl[Nh"hSgCJKHaJ!h"hSg0JB*CJaJph"""h"hSgCJ]aJh"hSg6CJ]aJh"hSg0JCJH*aJh"hSgCJaJo(h"hSgCJaJhSgB*CJaJo(phh"hSgB*CJaJph h"hSg6B*CJaJph'h"hSg0J6B*CJaJo(ph$h"hSg0J6B*CJaJph" , . 2 6 : > J N `              8 : R v      ȺȊxb+h"hSg5CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH #h"hSg5CJOJQJ^JaJ*h"hSg0J5CJH*OJQJ^JaJh"hSg6CJ]aJo(h"hSgCJaJh"hSg0JCJH*aJh"hSgCJaJo(h"hSg6CJKHaJo(h"hSgCJKHaJh"hSgCJKHaJo(   l   x J`l|nn dWD`gdk$d7$8$H$WDj^`a$gd$d7$8$H$WD`a$gddWDj^`gdd-DM WD[$\$`gdd-DM [$\$gd$d7$8$H$a$gd  B D j l ~            }jUF:}+}h"hSgCJaJmH sH h"hSgCJaJo(h"hSgB*CJaJph)h"hSg0JB*CJaJmH phsH %h"hSgB*CJaJmH phsH h"hSgCJaJh"hSg0JCJH*aJ#h"hSg5CJOJQJ^JaJ.h"hSg5CJOJQJ^JaJmH o(sH +h"hSg5CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH &h"hSg5CJOJQJ]^JaJ)h"hSg56CJOJQJ]^JaJ \ j t v x    `hjjldzvcNcBhkhSgCJaJo((hkhSgB*CJKHPJ aJo(ph%hkhSgB*CJKHPJ aJph.h"hSgB*CJaJfHphq 'h"hSg5B*CJKH\aJph!h"hSgB*CJKHaJph'h"hSgB*CJKH\aJo(ph$h"hSgB*CJKH\aJphh"hSg0JCJH*aJh"hSgCJaJh"hSgCJaJo("$8RTVXf "$&(*DFNɹɦ昊}qcSqcHqHqchH hSgCJaJhH hSg0JCJH*aJo(hH hSg0JCJH*aJhH hSgCJaJo(hH hSgCJKHaJhH hSgCJKHaJo(hkhSgCJKHaJo($hkhSg0JB*CJaJo(ph"""hSg0JB*CJaJo(ph"""!hkhSg0JB*CJaJph"""hkhSgCJaJo(hkhSgCJaJhkhSg0JCJH*aJ"F "q\$dWDj^`a$gd$d1$9DWDj^`a$gddWDj^`gd$dWD`a$gd $da$gddWDj^`gddWDj^`gdrXthdWD8^h`gdH dWDj^`gdk NP,`bp  n.FRTXZݵħ{mmmm{mħ{hhSgCJKHaJo(hhSgCJKHaJhhSgCJKH\aJo(hhSgCJKHPJaJhhSgCJKH\aJhhSg6CJ]aJo(hhSgCJaJhhSg0JCJH*aJhhSgCJaJo(hH hSgCJaJo(hH hSgCJaJ*Zjl|~"*,JZ`n 24B^~鵧鵧hhSgCJ]aJo(hhSgCJ]aJhhSg0JCJH*aJhhSg6CJaJo(hhSg6CJaJhhSgCJaJo(hhSgCJaJ?F  !"@#{iidWDj^`gd dWD`gd$d]a$gddgd$d7$8$H$a$gd$d7$8$H$WDj^`a$gd$dVD^a$gd$dWDj^`a$gd$dWD`a$gd <>@df  &nJLN^ԸƬyiԓy[hhSg6CJ]aJhhSg0JCJH*aJo(hhSg6CJaJhhSg6CJaJo(hhSgCJaJhhSg0JCJH*aJhhSgCJaJo(hhSg6CJKHaJhhSgCJKHaJo(hhSgCJKHaJhhSgCJKH]aJo(hhSgCJKH]aJ^`t|  D F              D!H!h!v!x!!!!!!!!!缪||ohhSgCJKHaJhhSg6CJ]aJ hhSgB*CJaJo(phhhSgB*CJaJph#hhSgB*CJ\aJo(ph hhSgB*CJ\aJphhhSg0JCJH*aJhhSgCJaJo(hhSgCJaJhhSgCJ]aJo()!!!!!,"~"""""""""""""""@#B#D#F#H#J#^#$V$سسسس͈y_2hhSg0JB*CJaJeh@phr@hhSgB*CJaJph5hhSg0JB*CJ\aJeh@phr@hhSg0JCJH*aJo(hhSg0JCJH*aJhhSg6CJaJhhSgCJaJhhSgCJaJo(hhSgCJKHaJhhSgCJKHaJo(V$l$n$v$x$~$$$$$"%@%f%h%~%% &,&\&d&f&&ïuug\P\g\BhhSgCJKH\aJhhSg6CJaJhhSgCJaJhhSg0JCJH*aJ*hhSg6CJOJPJQJ]^JaJ$hhSgCJOJPJQJ^JaJ hhSgCJOJQJ^JaJ'hhSg0JCJH*OJQJ^JaJh3DhSgCJaJo(1hhSgB*CJaJeh@o(phr@.hhSgB*CJaJeh@phr@@#$h%~%J&\&<''(***hh`$a$gdmY$d-D1$M WDj^`a$gd$d1$WDj^`a$gd$d7$8$H$WD`a$gd$d7$8$H$a$gd dWD`gddgd dWD`gddgddWDj^`gd &&&''''(((((((((8))))**R*h*p*x*z*ɴɝ贆pWpWMph: hSgCJo(1h: hSg0J"B*CJfHo(phq +hSg0J"B*CJfHo(phq ,hhSgB*CJKH$\aJmH phsH ,hhSg6B*CJKHaJmH phsH )hhSgB*CJKHaJmH phsH hhSgCJKHaJmH sH hhSg0JCJH*aJhhSgCJaJhhSgCJ]aJz****$+R+T+`+b+r+t+v++,d1v1̱rgYLY8'hq2hSg5B*CJKH\aJphhq2hSgCJKHaJhq2hSgCJKHaJo(hq2hSgCJaJhq2hSg5CJKHaJo(hq2hSg5CJKHaJ$ho"hSg0J!5B*CJaJphho"hSgCJKH]aJho"hSg6CJKH]aJho"hSgCJaJho"hSgCJKHaJhQHhSgB*CJo(ph.h: hSg0J"B*CJfHphq **b+d1F2H2J2L2N2^2~22436383dgdJx adWD`agdi2 bdWD`bgdq2 bdUDWD] `bgdq2 $7$8$H$a$gdmY$a$gdmYv1x1142F2222222222ֻpYY:p#p,h8hi20JCJaJfHo(q =jh8hi2B*CJUaJfHphq ,hi20J"B*CJaJfHphq 5jhi20J"B*CJUaJfHphq /hi20J"B*CJaJfHo(phq /hSg0J"B*CJaJfHo(phq 5hq2hSg0J"B*CJaJfHo(phq 'hq2hSgB*CJKH\aJo(ph*hq2hSg5B*CJKH\aJo(ph 223436383hJxOJPJQJaJo(hXhq2hi2CJaJo(/hi20J"B*CJaJfHo(phq 0182P. A!"#$%S DyK yaydwhz@126.comyK Fmailto:yaydwhz@126.comyX;H,]ą'c$J@J `cke $1$a$ CJKH_HaJmH nHsH tH\@"\ m`h 2$dd1$@&[$\$a$5CJ$KHOJQJ\^JaJ$$A@$ ؞k=W[SOBiB nfh\le,g $G$a$$*@$ Jx>\l_(uH*< @"< Jxu$ 9r G$a$CJaJD@2D rwle,g$dG$a$CJKHaJh(X@A( rw:_ 6]phOQ rwst)@a s9;ux\Or\ JIDefault1$7$8$H$%B*CJ_HaJmH nHphsH tHBOB JIapple-converted-spaceO JIfn(O( JIsubtitle"O" JlPtitleROR q<small$dd1$[$\$a$CJKHOJQJ^J*U@* _Bc >*B*ph$O$ Rbylinee@ ")F HTML -@GABD GG>H)Jk=N7) / + K   | Q0> ` 3Z ] k*"Ij2?$%cuF"&).e34:=T>a>BD.JKKKKK K!K"K#K%K&K/K0K1K=K>K?K@KL!L}LM NwNWOOiQQMRRoSATJTUkU*VVVGWWWSXX%Y0YY6Z_ZZ[#\\E]p]^~^_|__A`_``a`aa#bDbb_ccIddd%e.eeesf g gJgVggj#k$k%k&k'k/k?kzkkk000000000000@0ȑ00@0ȑ00@0ȑ00@0ȑ00@09@0@0@0@0@0ȑ004@0@@0@@@0@@@@@0@@@@@@0@@0@0@0@0@@@0@0@@@@@@@@@0@@@@@0@@@@@0@0@0@0@@@@@@0@@0@@0@@@@@0@0@0@@@@@@@@@@00 *"Ij2?$%cuF"&).e34:=T>a>BD.J@KL!L}LM NwNWOOiQQMRRoSATJTU*VVVGWWWSXX%YY6Z_ZZ[#\\E]A`_``a`aa#bDbb_ccIddeesf g gJgVggjkkȑ00ȑ00ȑ00 0%00%00 0 0ʑ0000`00O00@0%00%0000Oȑ00 00ȑ0000ȑ00ȑ00ȑ000_0Xȑ00ȑ00ȑ00@0ȑ0!0 00Q00Q00Q 00"k0000000000000000000000000000000000XtI0000000 0K@0@000@00000e000000@0@000i0 0!L30!00#00#00#00&000@0@0@0@0@000 0.0 /T\0.0 0.0@000 @0@0I00@0@0 00 ###&t P2" >"N$'),^/135B8<>AC>D`FHI:MRUZ] dhkLnoxr dZt"   NZ^!V$&z*v1283:=>?@ABCDEFGIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]_`abcHd[\* @#*83;H^63< &!! ( 8 ] X@  @ 0(  B S  ?H0(  k _Hlt270164395\k@\k=z{L| }~LLL   LL L L.\.../\///0\0001\1112\22ddeDeeefDfffgDgggh}!!%(4"7:718@8V8KKK-M-MMMMMNNOOOOOQQTTTT,T,TTTTTTYYZZ[[ ]___,g,g[gfggggSjSjk      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0213456789:;< !!&(4-7=7;8I8_8KKK7M7MMMMMNNOOOOOQQTTT(T4T4TTTTTT#Y#YZZ[[]___3g3gbgwggggXjXjk  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0213456789:;< >;*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PersonName9/*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace=+*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceName=(*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceType9.*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsState80*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity<<*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagschmetcnv;=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagschsdateB'*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region &01101118184197819801982198319841987200220092125263489DayFalseHasSpace IsLunarDate IsROCDateMonthNegative NumberType ProductID SourceValueTCSCUnitNameYearxsQ6V[=! < ";%=! =! =!=! ;$=!;#=!=! =! 0/./.+/+('/+/(/./.0.((./.((.//0/..///0.'/(+./'/' "*02!"HI]v|12>?BD'45 )Zioxy}#% $24JKeg !#%AUZ]  1 5 < C D T _ ` * D  I W    S T X a   : ; ? G h  'Q\/04=`j{| 9RXw|}x})+?K{%4=>DENOcfisxy24LNbc(,:Ojkriu xyde (089IJjkps{  ? A D H Q U _ c v z !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#"%"@"F"""# #D#H#Q#S#\#^#####$$+$.$]$a$u$v$$$g%j%k%n%~%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&& & &&&&&$&&&,&/&6&9&>&B&&&&&&&&&&&&&''s(|(((((((((((((((((((0)2)U)\)e)j))))))))))$*%*&***8*9*>*?*@*E*Z*[*`*a*b*f******************+$+/+1+J+X+g+h+u+++++++++++++++++++++,",?,M,,,,,,,,,,,-4-B-L-`-a-e-f-h-k-l-m-n---------....M.N.[.].e.p......../)/*/L/M/_/`/u/v///// 0 02030506011=1B1L1Q1\1a12!2V2Z2_2`222223333$3&3'3+3,3/3:3>3]3e333i4l4w444444444444Q5R5V5X5f5i555555555566 66 6(656A6I6V6W6X6Z6[6a6s6t6w666666666666677"7&7'7)7*7,7G7R7Z7[7777777771858687888:8@8D8E8F8G8H8V8Z8[8\8]8^8k8u88888-919H9L9j9k999999999 :!:7:<:u:y:z:{:}::::::::*;5;;;w<<<<<<====> > >>>>,>0>6>9>O>T>`>a>F?}?????!@$@-@4@f@j@r@t@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAAA1A6AFAfAoAvA|AAAAAAAABBBB B!B$B%BBBBBDDDD&E'E GGGGGGGG>HBHZH[H)J.JGJHJJJKKKKKKKKK K!K"K#K%K&K.K1KOgOuOOOOOQQR(R_RpRwRRRRRRS S$S,S1SASzSSSSSSSSSSTTTTUT^TTTTTTTUUU&U.U3UHUUUwUUUU5V>VCVLVMVZV`VoVVVVVWWSWiWWWWXXXXXXXY#Y?YKYoZ~ZZZZZZZ[[3[I[0\E\F\M\[\g\\\]]$]6]E]Q]4^L^^^^^^^^^_$_8_E_M_U_______9`?`q``````aa3a:aHaValataaaaaaa8bCb]bbbcbtbbbbcccdccccccccccddYdldmdwdddddddd e;eNe[egeoeweeeeeefff~ffffRgUggggggg"kBkykkkk(+ !+,  _#b#&&,,,,001111D7G7::= ====CBCCCDDGGKKKKKK K!K"K#K%K&K.K1KOOOP QQQBRKRiRpRRRSSTTATHTTTTT U4UZUiUUVVVW5WuWxWWWWWWWXX)Y.YDYKYdYYwZ~ZZZ [[[[a\g\]]E]R]S]^]]]]]@^L^^^______I`N`d``````Ya^aaaaaaaIbbbbb@cAcMcccqdwddddde#e%e,eee f&fLf[f\fgfffff"kkkk3s33s3ssssss33s333s3ss3333333s33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333ey@"E"**..::::DDIIKKKKKKKK K!K"K#K%K&K?K@KK LQNvNQQATJTWW%Y/Y6Z^ZE]S]A`^```aaAc^cdd%e.eLfrf"kkkKKKKKK K!K"K#K%K&K?K@Kkkk2 )>^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(opp^p`CJOJQJo(@ @ ^@ `CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(PP^P`CJOJQJo(2 )`T=]zF P~|]Tрў,ܲ(:;s(]tH\c@]tHY0u =ik`$T~B!tA+2 U@ BJ ~ D [ R GT t{ p.76TX'EQ /Cm_~$&i,c!+l=<*W( BzP/[,@FLk g0kiH rA ] !J!q8"OL"o"Q#p#-$D$c$t$6-%Q-%U3%c&g&H*'J(/D(rO) *# *D<*B+c],V-.X/ 00U0<1q240545KU5si5_6`s6J7.,8f\89)9m:;};s9;F;O;FY;$<(<q<=>>f0>8?*9?@#@ABP1B_B3C C%7CUCCXD49DJDezDE8EdEeE*%FS%F")FvFT^H2zHJI)9I<JJ4!Je&JGJ8KvFK-MuX3Y<YmYxYCZbtZ([B[!\e#^5^C^yM^_ao_w_x`nC`Y`x`8a]aAbcuc cIGd_(enfHgcgmg5isRij:jkk8Pk^l]mColpdr00t7trXt!umuZ vwrwx\-xJxPrx5y#yj9yzE:z3Dz{;{H{I{|]{)~cm~Y)d*3IF2f)nAsZfI'&<T%7v|n&7) N3o<=%oTG ,@" l H,8~ .q|~*!:Xcc%yGnn(.i28ICm`3!NB|7: _ pL$v^xU-nq,Sg.ACQkU6ANkVoz~UR rvH)0h34rvNIe9$<kBNTYiLp0?3DUU_Ig"4kk ; LR}c4&6*ecRIYj|X,=$7QnqIr*,ornB"J(rI6abkAEXo~qj"?]ayff.GV7-w4bE@K|LM NNOiQQki30i30)!I@ #*,-/6kPPPPPPP"P$P&P:PBPNP\P`PbPfPUnknownG:Ax Times New Roman5Symbol3& :Cx Arial1NSe-N[;5 wiSO_GB2312;5 |8ўSOSimHei;5 N[_GB2312;([SOSimSun] Times-BoldTimes New Roman7GeorgiaE0 Courier StdўSO5& >[`)TahomaSDY354+ZJUIUy-354eckSOWAdobeSongStd-LighteckSO_TimesNewRomanPSMTMS MinchomTimesNewRoman BoldTimes New Roman?5 :Cx Courier New;Wingdings 1hT"'T"'5 ?&5 ?&!-!),.:;?]}    & 6"0000 0 0 00000 =@\]^([{  0 0 00000;[dJJ2qHP ?`2yb$R'``~ЏREason.FuEason.Fu Oh+'0  < H T`hpx˼ά˶ Eason.Fu Normal.dot Eason.Fu3Microsoft Office Word@G@R&@>S&5 ?՜.+,D՜.+, X`lt| &J'  8@ _PID_HLINKSAhfmailto:yaydwhz@126.com  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~    Root Entry FPS&Data 1TableoWordDocument2SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8 CompObjm  FMicrosoft Office Word ĵ MSWordDocWord.Document.89q